On assignments in Washington and Manila, he worked on war plans, gaining an … "Dwight David Eisenhower: Bicentennial Considerations,". Fearing that the summit would delay the rearmament of West Germany, and skeptical of Malenkov's intentions and ability to stay in power, the Eisenhower administration nixed the summit idea. "The civil rights movement and the Presidency in the hot years of the Cold War: A historical and historiographical assessment. General: Economic and Political Matters (Published and available in Full Text, Ebook) Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru pursued a non-aligned policy in the Cold War, and frequently criticized U.S. policies. See Anthony Eden, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Keith W. Baum, "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: The Eisenhower Administration, France, and Nuclear Weapons. In response to the integration of West Germany into NATO, Eastern bloc leaders established the Warsaw Pact. operations, which he felt were the exclusive province of the Department of He wanted to reenergize and modernize the Republican Party, making it less conservative and more acceptable to mainstream America. [3] He planned for the full mobilization of the country to counter Soviet power, and emphasized making a "public effort to explain to the American people why such a militaristic mobilization of their society was needed. Historian Edward C. Keefer says that in accepting the American demands that POWs could refuse to return to their home country, "China and North Korea still swallowed the bitter pill, probably forced down in part by the atomic ultimatum. The Soviets emphasized building ballistic intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The doctrine was intended to check increased Soviet influence in the Middle East, which had resulted from the supply of arms to … and avoided a larger conflict. At the contemporaneous Geneva Conference, Dulles convinced Chinese and Soviet leaders to pressure Viet Minh leaders to accept the temporary partition of Vietnam; the country was divided into a Communist northern half (under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh) and a non-Communist southern half (under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem). In addition to his desire to halt the advance of “creeping socialism” in U.S. domestic policy, Eisenhower also wanted to “roll back” the advances of Communism abroad. Eisenhower‟s deft cultivation of support on Capitol Hill, as much as any congressional predisposition to deference, led Congress to support him on use of … Met with President Chiang Kai-shek. From that point on, Dulles was associated GRF Tyler was comparing Eisenhower and Kennedy Era which were two different approaches of handling the battle between the United States and Soviet Union during the cold war. Eisenhower Doctrine, (January 5, 1957), in the Cold War period after World War II, U.S. foreign-policy pronouncement by Pres. [69] Kruschev toured the United States in 1959, and he and Eisenhower conducted high-level talks regarding nuclear disarmament and the status of Berlin. The Holbo, Paul S. and Robert W. Sellen, eds. Indochina. New Look - a foreign policy created to try contain communism in Indochina and Laos. She was a famous playwright, prominent American Catholic, and the wife of Henry Luce, the dynamic publisher of the highly influential TIME and LIFE magazines. "Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption". As part of the arrangement that ended the occupation, Austria declared its neutrality after gaining independence. remained his most influential foreign policy adviser. "[4], After Joseph Stalin died in March 1953, Georgy Malenkov took leadership of the Soviet Union. [30] Among the administration's cultural diplomacy initiatives were continuous goodwill tours by the "soldier-musician ambassadors" of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra. Her mission was to give a favorable impression of the United States to the Italians and help defeat communism in that country. She often met with political and cultural leaders who demanded autonomy and mildly criticized American culture. policy options and made decisions, which were then sent as recommendations Given the collapse of British prestige and the rise of Soviet interest in the region, the president informed Congress on January 5, 1957 that it was essential for the U.S. to accept new responsibilities for the security of the Middle East. For this Secretary of State there was no "Eisenhower and Third World Nationalism: A Critique of the Revisionists,", Harris, Douglas B. Taiwan’s island strongholds. He was considered as a progressive conservative. Mission, Guide to Country Recognition and Relations, Foreign Policy under President Eisenhower, John Foster Eisenhower encouraged the creation of the Baghdad Pact, a military alliance consisting of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. This was a personal goal of Eisenhower's. The United States dropped over 300,000 propaganda leaflets in Eastern Europe between 1951 and 1956, and Radio Free Europe sent broadcasts throughout the region. [39] With Eisenhower's approval, Diem refused to hold elections to re-unify Vietnam; those elections had been scheduled for 1956 as part of the agreement at the Geneva Conference. President Eisenhower was the president of the U.S from 1953-1961. [34], One of Eisenhower's most visible diplomatic appointments was Clare Boothe Luce, who served as the Ambassador to Italy from 1953 to 1956. nation of South Vietnam, created after the withdrawal of France from The following year, he played a major role in the defeat of the Bricker Amendment, which would have limited the president's treaty making power and ability to enter into executive agreements with foreign nations. Eisenhower sought to bring Nasser into the American sphere of influence through economic aid, but Nasser's Arab nationalism and opposition to Israel served as a source of friction between the United States and Egypt. Eisenhower wanted limits on nuclear weapons testing and on-site inspections of nuclear weapons, while Kruschev initially sought the total elimination of nuclear arsenals. South Korea, the Republic of Operations Coordinating Board, made sure that the bureaucracy carried out Furthermore, Eisenhower wanted to discourage the proliferation of nuclear arms anywhere. [27], Eisenhower sought troop reductions in Europe by sharing of defense responsibilities with NATO allies. [64] In fact, the Soviet Union did not deploy ICBMs until after Eisenhower left office, and the U.S. retained an overall advantage in nuclear weaponry. were the Central Treaty This was the first experiment at sharing strategic nuclear weapons in NATO and led to other placements abroad of American nuclear weapons. As France refused to commit to granting independence to Vietnam, Congress refused to approve of an intervention in Vietnam, and the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu. The Eisenhower administration continued the Truman administration's policy of containment, which called for the United States to prevent the spread of Communism to new states. Occupation Zone in Germany, Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization, President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, People to People Student Ambassador Program, Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948, United States Presidential election, 1952, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite, Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_administration&oldid=992352267, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Dwight Eisenhower on Foreign Policy : Click here for 11 full quotes on Foreign Policy OR other political leaders on Foreign Policy. Think of how Nixon was elected to stop the mess in Vietnam. Eisenhower hoped to salvage a partial victory by preventing Ho Chi Minh from establishing a Communist government over all of Vietnam. Critics have produced conspiracy theories about the causal factors, but according to historian Stephen M. Streeter, CIA documents show the United Fruit Company (UFCO) played no major role in Eisenhower's decision, that the Eisenhower administration did not need to be forced into the action by any lobby groups, and that Soviet influence in Guatemala was minimal. had a well-earned reputation for staff work and organization. Foreign Policy Team. Eisenhower also launched operation wetback to stop illegal immigration. (SEATO). Cold War, Socialism, & the Foreign Policy of Eisenhower & John Foster Dulles "There is only one defense -- a defense compounded of eternal vigilance, sound policies, and high courage" - stated John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State during the Cold War, to the Overseas Press Club in New York, March 30, 1954. As a matter of fact, it was during Eisenhower’s administration that a number of … In 1954-1955, U.S. aid and support helped Ngo Dinh Diem establish a non-Communist government in what became South Vietnam. The essence of this 'New Look' for foreign policy was to threaten 'massive retaliation' (in the form of atomic bombs) against any attack upon US interests. In that context, Eisenhower’s foreign policy was greatly influenced by his staunch anti-communist Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. "Cooperation and suspicion: The United States' alliance diplomacy for the security of Western Europe, 1953–54". Planning Board—not the Department of State, and the Planning Board ironed It reflected his concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources. Discussion papers were prepared by the NSC’s own The Eisenhower administration played a role in the partition of Vietnam at the 1954 Geneva Conference, and the U.S. subsequently directed aid to the newly-formed country of South Vietnam. The Cuban Revolution broke out during Eisenhower's second term, resulting in the replacement of pro-U.S. President Fulgencio Batista with Fidel Castro. Secretary Dulles Eisenhower's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, had pledged that Republicans would "roll back the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe." [49] In early 1958, Eisenhower used the threat of economic sanctions to coerce Israel into withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula, and the Suez Canal resumed operations under the control of Egypt. James I. Matray, "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea. [9], During his campaign, Eisenhower said he would go to Korea to end the Korean War, which had broken out in 1950 after North Korea invaded South Korea. The U.S. brought Titan and Atlas ICBMs into service in 1959, and in 1960 built Polaris submarines capable of underwater launches. [51] The troops sent to Lebanon never saw any fighting, but the deployment marked the only time during Eisenhower's presidency when U.S. troops were sent abroad into a potential combat situation. That will not be a threat from a hostile foreign country, but the controlling and corrupting power of the military-industrial complex, which President Eisenhower warned … Eisenhower's 1952 candidacy was motivated in large part by his opposition to Taft's isolationist views; he did not share Taft's concerns regarding U.S. involvement in collective security and international trade, the latter of which was embodied by the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Over 40,000 prisoners from the two countries refused repatriation, but North Korea and China nonetheless demanded their return. Dulles was second in importance only to the President at any NSC retaliation” was far more cautiously based on mutual atomic deterrence. Streeter identifies three major interpretive perspectives, "Realist," "Revisionist," and "Postrevisionist': In January 1953, Senator John W. Bricker of Ohio re-introduced the Bricker Amendment, which would limit the president's treaty making power and ability to enter into executive agreements with foreign nations. with the concepts of “massive He was very much focused on foreign and military policy. [73][74] The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a lengthy inquiry into the U-2 incident. Eisenhower also displayed caution in pursuit of his foreign policy goals. bloc; he had little time for neutralism or non-alignment. In response to the revolution, the Eisenhower administration broke ties with Cuba and began preparations for an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, ultimately resulting in the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion after Eisenhower left office. The crisis ended when China ended the shelling and both sides agreed to diplomatic talks; a second crisis in 1958 would end in a similar fashion. In 1954, the United States took were too sensitive to be discussed by the full NSC. Dulles had claimed, and the Eisenhower Administration policy of “massive Eisenhower became increasingly skeptical of the possibility of cooperation with the Soviet Union after it refused to support his Atoms for Peace proposal, which called for the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the creation of nuclear power plants. In 1958, the United States again rattled the saber to protect the The goal of his farm policy was to get government out of agriculture and strengthen the family farmer. By the end of his administration, relations between the United States and India had moderately improved, but Pakistan remained the main U.S. ally in South Asia. The United States and South Korea signed a defensive treaty in October 1953, and the U.S. would continue to station thousands of soldiers in South Korea long after the end of the Korean War.[17]. As a young military officer, Eisenhower served stateside in World War I and then in Panama and the Philippines in the interwar years. Though Eisenhower found it difficult to convince leading Arab states or Israel to endorse the doctrine, but he applied the new doctrine by dispensing economic aid to shore up the Kingdom of Jordan, encouraging Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it, and sending U.S. troops into Lebanon to prevent a radical revolution from sweeping over that country. An early use of covert action was against the elected Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammed Mosaddeq, resulting in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. Dulles, “massive [60][61][62], In January 1956 the United States Air Force began developing the Thor, a 1,500 miles (2,400 km) Intermediate-range ballistic missile. [41] The CIA also supported dissidents in the 1959 Tibetan uprising, but China crushed the uprising. Melanson, Richard A. and David A. Mayers, eds. Learn More. Biden's foreign policy team will need a special kind of confidence to confront the most serious challenge they face: the controlling and corrupting power of the Military-Industrial Complex, which President Eisenhower warned our grandparents about 60 years ago. In his first inaugural address, he declared, “Forces of good and evil are massed and armed and opposed as rarely before in history. Dulles was the most prominent advocate of global containment and he traveled [46] Though opposed to the nationalization of the canal, Eisenhower feared that a military intervention would disrupt global trade and alienate Middle Eastern countries from the West. [45] Eisenhower opposed military intervention, and he repeatedly told British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that the U.S. would not tolerate an invasion. Nasser responded by sinking dozens of ships, preventing operation of the canal. [18] The Eisenhower administration and the Central Intelligence Agency used covert action to interfere with suspected communist governments abroad. The Eisenhower administration also established the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization as an alliance of anti-Communist states in Southeast Asia, and resolved two crises with China over Taiwan. Fears that the steady stream of post-World War II-era international treaties and executive agreements entered into by the U.S. were undermining the nation's sovereignty united isolationists, conservative Democrats, most Republicans, and numerous professional groups and civic organizations behind the amendment. Though well received in the West, the Soviet leadership viewed Eisenhower's speech as little more than propaganda. [47] Israel attacked Egypt in October 1956, quickly seizing control of the Sinai Peninsula. [63] Critics at the time, led by Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy levied charges to the effect that there was a "missile gap", that is, the U.S. had fallen militarily behind the Soviets because of their lead in space. When Castro visited the United States in April 1959, Eisenhower refused to meet with him, delegating the task to Nixon. The new regime, led by Fidel Castro, quickly legalized the Communist Party of Cuba, sparking U.S. fears that Castro would align with the Soviet Union. Staunch anti-communist, lawyer and older brother of director of CIA Allen Dulles. Melanson, Richard A. and David Mayers, eds. ", Edward C. Keefer, "President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War", Alessandro Brogi, "Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce and the evolution of psychological warfare in Italy. [25] Although the amendment started out with 56 co-sponsors, it went down to defeat in the U.S. Senate in 1954 on 42–50 vote. In 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, sparking the Suez Crisis, in which a coalition of France, Britain, and Israel took control of the canal. European leaders also created the Western European Union to coordinate European defense. "[15] Historian and government advisor McGeorge Bundy states that while the threat to use nuclear weapons was not empty, neither did it ever reach the point of trying to obtain consent to their use from U.S. [37] Despite some doubts about the strength of Diem's government, the Eisenhower administration directed aid to South Vietnam in hopes of creating a bulwark against further Communist expansion. including the People’s Republic of China (PRC). State visit. In the late 1950s, the Eisenhower administration sought closer relations with India, sending aid to stem the 1957 Indian economic crisis. Among these arrangements In a 1954 speech, he said that (SEATO); and bilateral defense or security treaties with Japan, Historian Saki Dockrill argues that his long-term strategy was to promote the collective security of NATO and other American allies, strengthen the Third World against Soviet pressures, avoid another Korea, and produce a climate that would slowly and steadily weaken Soviet power and influence. Met Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II. Eisenhower made one international trip while president-elect, to South Korea, December 2–5, 1952; he visited Seoul and the Korean combat zone. Eisenhower managed to keep the Soviets out of the Middle East. occurred but where the United States chose, based on its “deterrent of Met with President Adolfo López Mateos. interview, Dulles described how he had passed the word to the Chinese and Probably no American president was more thoroughly versed in matters of national security and foreign policy before entering office than Dwight David Eisenhower. reality, the so-called atomic threat to China was less definitive than Khrushchev had also become increasingly interested in reaching an accord, partly due to the growing Sino-Soviet split. Rested before returning to the United States. massive retaliatory power.” In a 1956 Life magazine "The Ike Age Revisited,", Streeter, Stephen M. "Interpreting the 1954 U.S. He Failed to Moderate the Republican Party. [2] Eisenhower continued the basic Truman administration policy of containment of Soviet expansion and the strengthening of the economies of Western Europe. Dockrill points to Eisenhower's use of multiple assets against the Soviet Union: Eisenhower knew that the United States had many other assets that could be translated into influence over the Soviet bloc—its democratic values and institutions, its rich and competitive capitalist economy, its intelligence technology and skills in obtaining information as to the enemy's capabilities and intentions, its psychological warfare and covert operations capabilities, its negotiating skills, and its economic and military assistance to the Third World. During Eisenhower's presidency, the Cold War arms race shifted from nuclear weapons to delivery systems, with the U.S. starting with a large lead in very long-range bombers. [67], U.S. and Soviet leaders met at the 1955 Geneva Summit, the first such summit since the 1945 Potsdam Conference. [12], Truman had begun peace talks in mid-1951, but the issue of North Korean and Chinese prisoners remained a sticking point. Under the policy, known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, any Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression. In July 1956, just a week after the collapse of the aid negotiations, Nasser nationalized the British-run Suez Canal, sparking the Suez Crisis. The four-power understanding on gas-centrifuge secrecy would last until 1975, when scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan took the Dutch centrifuge technology to Pakistan. a strong stand in favor of the Chinese Nationalists when the PRC bombarded The Eisenhower administration used propaganda and covert action extensively, and the Central Intelligence Agency instigated or took part in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état and the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état. ", "The American Constitution and the Treaty Making Power", "Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957", "1960 Year In Review: The Paris Summit Falls Apart", "Travels of President Dwight D. Eisenhower", International Boundary and Water Commission; Falcon Dam, Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, Military Governor, U.S. [29], The Eisenhower administration placed a high priority on undermining Soviet influence on Eastern Europe, and escalated a propaganda war under the leadership of Charles Douglas Jackson. combination of atomic saber rattling and eyeball-to-eyeball standoffs. In the late 1950s, several Latin American governments fell, partly due to a recession in the United States. (Jan 1965) the world tirelessly to ensure its success. Both wanted to limit total military spending and prevent nuclear proliferation, but Cold War tensions made negotiations difficult. [37] Seeking to bolster France and prevent the fall of Vietnam to Communism, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations played a major role in financing French military operations in Vietnam. meeting. retaliation” and “brinksmanship,” a supposedly reckless In April, Eisenhower delivered his "Chance for Peace speech," in which he called for an armistice in Korea, free elections to re-unify Germany, the "full independence" of Eastern European nations, and United Nations control of atomic energy. Eisenhower and his advisers had to employ a variety of clever strategies to earn congressional backing on major foreign policy issues. While most believe that there was some degree of rigidity in Eisenhower’s foreign policy as a consequence of the heavily formal machinery in place, the fact that he relied on the counsel of an expanded team of advisors means that the seemingly rigid ‘organizational structure’ on this front was not as it appeared. [65], The administration decided the best way to minimize the proliferation of nuclear weapons was to tightly control knowledge of gas-centrifuge technology, which was essential to turn ordinary uranium and to weapons-grade uranium. As the ground war in Korea ended, Eisenhower sharply reduced the reliance on expensive Army divisions. "Eisenhower Revisionism and American Politics," in Joanne P. Krieg, ed.. McAuliffe, Mary S. "Eisenhower, the President". allies. Attended the meeting of the presidents of the American republics. In This U.S.–Pakistan alliance alienated India from the United States, causing India to move towards the Soviet Union. Another subcommittee, the One of Nasser's main goals was the construction of the Aswan Dam, which would provide immense hydroelectric power and help irrigate much of Egypt. determined to make the Department of State a part of the NSC’s structured "Shifting Currents: Dwight Eisenhower and the Dynamic of Presidential Opportunity Structure,", Rabe, Stephen G. "Eisenhower Revisionism: A Decade of Scholarship,", Reichard, Gary W. "Eisenhower as President: The Changing View,", Schlesinger Jr., Arthur. [11] The intervention of Chinese forces in late 1950 led to a protracted stalemate around the 38th parallel north. the United States would meet Soviet provocations not necessarily where they [42], The Middle East became increasingly important to U.S. foreign policy during the 1950s. The administration backed an arrangement, devised by Churchill and British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, in which West Germany was rearmed and became a fully sovereign member of NATO in return for promises not establish atomic, biological, or chemical weapons programs. Dwight D. Eisenhower promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. We will write a custom Essay on Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. He supported most of the financial burden of the French presence in Indochina by 1953, but was unwilling to commit the ground troops and air support that France sought. Organization (CENTO); the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization A major uprising broke out in Hungary in 1956; the Eisenhower administration did not become directly involved, but condemned the Soviet military response. The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional forces … Taught the British, French and Israeli's never to act without informing the Americans. Historians now discount those allegations, although they agree that Eisenhower did not effectively respond to his critics. China, Biographies As part of a move towards détente, Eisenhower sought to reach a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union, but the 1960 U-2 incident derailed a Cold War summit in Paris. [58] In the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution, the Eisenhower administration began to encourage democratic government in Latin America and increased economic aid to the region. These relations brought an end to Spain's isolation after World War II, which in turn led to a Spanish economic boom known as the Spanish miracle. The young and untried Kennedy decreed the blockade [against Cuba] and the Bay of Pigs invasion, organized by Eisenhower and by Nixon who knew less about war than he did. One of Eisenhower’s main goals of foreign policy was to contain communism. [38] In 1954, the French requested the United States to intervene in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, which would prove to be the climactic battle of the First Indochina War. "President Eisenhower and the Historians: Is the General in Retreat?.". As it did in several other regions, the Eisenhower administration sought to establish stable, friendly, anti-Communist regimes in the Arab World. Cuban President Fulgencio Batista sought close ties with both the U.S. government and major U.S. companies, and American organized crime also had a strong presence in Cuba. Partly as a result of the bungled U.S. intervention in Syria, Nasser established the short-lived United Arab Republic, a political union between Egypt and Syria. [16], The armistice led to decades of uneasy peace between North Korea and South Korea. Largely out of a desire to build up military strength against the more populous India, Pakistan sought close relations with the United States, joining both the Baghdad Pact and SEATO. [35][36], After the end of World War II, the Communist Việt Minh launched an insurrection against the French-supported State of Vietnam. Eisenhower's overall Cold War policy was described by NSC 174, which held that the rollback of Soviet influence was a long-term goal, but that the United States would not provoke war with the Soviet Union. [28] Like Truman, Eisenhower believed that the rearmament of West Germany was vital to NATO's strategic interests. Eisenhower held office during the Cold War, a period of sustained geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Eisenhower attempted to use American aid for the financing of the construction of the dam as leverage for other areas of foreign policy, but aid negotiations collapsed. Broadwater, Jeff. [43], In 1952, a revolution led by Gamal Abdel Nasser had overthrown the pro-British Egyptian government. Informal visit. Think of how Eisenhower came in to stop the Korean War. She promoted American popular culture and critically evaluated its effects. Both wanted to challenge the Anglo-Saxon monopoly on Western weapons Nehru pursued a non-aligned policy in the States.: People-to-People program, a eisenhower foreign policy alliance consisting of Turkey, Iran Iraq... 1953, Eisenhower wanted limits on nuclear technology, the Eisenhower administration expanded military aid to Latin America and... Both the United States American popular culture and critically evaluated its effects defeat communism in Indochina and Laos of arsenals. The 1959 Tibetan uprising, but Dulles remained his most influential foreign policy was to communism! States with the German, Dutch, and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to a..., 1948–1955. `` both wanted to reenergize and modernize the Republican Party benefited from non-interventionist... Civil rights movement and the presidency in the late 1950s, several Latin American governments fell, partly to! Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II discussed by the Soviet Union `` President Eisenhower often dominated the,! It did in several other regions, the Middle East policies and the Philippines in the 1959 Tibetan uprising but! Accomplishments of Dwight D. Eisenhower both sides started building large nuclear stockpiles during the 1950s Mayers,.. Gaulle, British Prime Minister the creation of the Cold War military of! `` the Ike Age Revisited, '', Harris, Douglas B total elimination of weapons... 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