[187] In the 1640s, the Mohawk could field about 800 warriors. [29][30][31] According to this view, Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level and are based on assessments of community consensus. By the late-18th-century, European writers such as Philip Mazzei and James Adair were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism, saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages. [248] If a prisoner survived all the obstacles on the march back to a Haudenosaunee village, the torture did not end. The men pull a length of duffel clothif they have itunder this belt, front and rear, and pass it between the legs. The creature's English name is taken from the one the given it by the Massachusett tribe. Other independent Iroquoian-speaking peoples, such as the Erie, Susquehannock, Huron (Wendat) and Wyandot, lived at various times along the St. Lawrence River, and around the Great Lakes. [128] In 1838, the Holland Land Company used forged documents to cheat the Seneca of almost all of their land in western New York, but a Quaker missionary, Asher Wright, launched lawsuits that led to one of the Seneca reservations being returned in 1842 and another in 1857. The Grand Council of the Six Nations is an assembly of 56 Hoyenah (chiefs) or sachems. Odina - Odina is a name found in multiple cultures around the world, but in the Native American context, it means "mountain.". These tribes migrated to regions around the Mississippi River and the piedmont regions of the east coast.[55]. [208] Starting about 1850 the Iroquois art began to frequently feature floral designs on moccasins, caps, pouches and pincushions, which were purchased by Euro-Americans. [198] The main woods used by the Iroquois to make their utensils were oak, birch, hickory and elm. Slaves brought onto Haudenosaunee territory were mainly adopted into families or kin groups that had lost a person. Hah-gweh-di-yu then takes the moon and stars, his sisters, from his mother's breast and places them to guard the night sky. Others were the Little Water Society, the Pygmy Society, the Society of Otters, the Society of Mystic Animals, the Eagle Society, the Bear Society, the Buffalo Society, the Husk Faces, and the Woman's Societywhich despite its name had male membership. Captives were mutilated and beaten for several days upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors. Red Cloud - Red Cloud was an impressive warrior, leading his people to victory in the Fetterman Massacre of . The address serves as a pledge of gratitude as well as a scientific inventory of the natural world.[231] By describing living and non-living elements of the ecosystem and their functions, uses and benefits, the pledge instills early concepts of traditional ecological knowledge within grade school children and onward. The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada. [163] In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims in New York, the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s. [298], The Grand Council of the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on Germany in 1917 during World War I and again in 1942 in World War II. This journey is thought to take one year, during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead. Parker says "The central tree in the heaven world was the apple." [271] There are also more language accounts of slaves being compared to animals (mostly dogs) in Oneida and Onondaga language. The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted. "Keepers of the faith" are part-time specialists who conduct religious ceremonies. [181] In the 17th century women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape-like upper garment with an opening for the head. Women often took the initiative in suggesting legislation. In Reflections in Bullough's Pond, historian Diana Muir argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population. Through these stories, listeners learn values, laws, and acceptable behaviors in their communities [1] For example, "Girl Who Was Not Satisfied" is a traditional story about a girl who runs off with a man for his looks. [50] Other scholars note that anthropological researchers consulted only male informants, thus losing the half of the historical story told in the distinct oral traditions of women. [58][pageneeded], Around 1535, Jacques Cartier reported Iroquoian-speaking groups on the Gasp peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River. To communicate upward, humans can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco.[212]. [140] In 1979, over 300 Indian chiefs visited London to oppose Patriation of the Canadian Constitution, fearing that their rights to be recognized in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 would be jeopardized. In front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches." Fatally wounded, the serpent tries to escape to the safety of Lake Erie but dies before he gets away. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists. However, the confederacy did not speak for all five tribes, which continued to act independently and form their own war bands. Elu - Elu is an elegant name that is short and sweet. His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac for the next nine years (16891698). Tradition asserts that the Peacemaker demonstrated his authority as the Creator's messenger by climbing a tall tree above a waterfall, having the people cut down the tree, and reappearing the next morning unharmed. [219] It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one's matrilineal clan, but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan.[220]. John Arthur Gibson (Seneca, 18501912) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker. The early American colonists learned by watching the Iroquois warriors how to blend into the landscape and fight like guerillas. The colonists also sought to establish friendly relations to secure their settlement borders. After an unsuccessful rebellion, they were driven out of Quebec to New York. French, Dutch and English colonists, both in New France (Canada) and what became the Thirteen Colonies, recognized a need to gain favor with the Iroquois people, who occupied a significant portion of lands west of the colonial settlements. By 1978 Ives Goddard wrote: "No such form is attested in any Indian language as a name for any Iroquoian group, and the ultimate origin and meaning of the name are unknown.".[15]. [207] Warriors wore moccasins, leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs. Native American art Under Frontenac's leadership, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare, taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements. During World War I, an act attempted to conscript Six Nations men for military service. Moccasins of a sort were also made of corn husks. [153], On August 31, 1964,[156] H. R. 1794 An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny Indian Reservation in New York was passed by Congress and sent to the president for signature. Though only 127 Seneca families (about 500 people) were being dislocated, the legislation benefited the entire Seneca Nation, because the taking of the Indian land for the dam abridged a 1794 treaty agreement. The goals were two sets of poles roughly 450 yards (410m) apart. Due to shared linguistic and cultural similarities, the Tuscarora gradually aligned with the Iroquois and entered the confederacy as the sixth Indian nation in 1722 after being sponsored by the Oneida. If the enemy appeared too powerful, as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693, the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops, and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart. [73] From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock, to their south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success. In 1684, the Iroquois again invaded Virginia and Illinois territory and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the latter. Visit The Gallery Get Started Teachers [282], The Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s is based on the Hiawatha Belt created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace. [251] During adoption rituals, slaves were to reject their former life and be renamed as part of their genuine assimilation. [180] Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes areas. The game was played using a wooden bowl about one foot in diameter and six peach-stones (pits) ground to oval shape and burned black on one side. If your little boy is a fighter or a rainbow baby, he deserves a strong warrior name. [232], Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming, healing, and thanksgiving. The backside of the club shows two headless figures that represent slain enemies. After the migration of a majority to Canada, the Iroquois remaining in New York were required to live mostly on reservations. This is a malevolent creature of the . "[238] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. The Mi'kmaq named the last-conquered land Gespedeg or "last land," from which the French derived Gasp. Who can support it?" In 1664, an Oneida party struck at allies of the Susquehannock on Chesapeake Bay. [97] By the middle of the 18th century, a multi-cultural world had emerged with the Iroquois living alongside German and Scots-Irish settlers. [249] After the initiation process, they were either killed, or welcomed into the nation where they would be replacing a deceased member of that community.[250]. 79-726, ch. The Beaver replies, "Only the oeh-dah (transl. It is easy to see how the American Revolution would have caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations. As a result of the Beaver Wars, they pushed Siouan-speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest. According to Iroquois mythology, So-son-do-wah is a great hunter, known for stalking a supernatural elk. The founders of League are traditionally held to be Dekanawida the Great Peacemaker, Hiawatha, and Jigonhsasee the Mother of Nations, whose home acted as a sort of United Nations. The chief's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor. The 1990 Census counted 49,038 Iroquois living in the United States, making them the country's . [143] In the resulting Oka Crisis, the Warrior Society occupied both the land that they claimed belonged to the Mohawk people and the Mercier bridge linking the Island of Montreal to the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit. [174] In 1609, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquin and the Iroquois that resulted in hardly any deaths. The Peach-stone game (Guskeh) was a gambling game in which the clans bet against each other. [223], Iroquois art from the 16th and 17th centuries as found on bowls, pottery and clay pipes show a mixture of animal, geometrical and human imagery. This is an analogy to the three plants which are historically grown from the same mound. Jesuit priest and missionary Pierre Franois Xavier de Charlevoix wrote in 1744: The name Iroquois is purely French, and is formed from the [Iroquoian-language] term Hiro or Hero, which means I have saidwith which these Indians close all their addresses, as the Latins did of old with their dixiand of Kou, which is a cry sometimes of sadness, when it is prolonged, and sometimes of joy, when it is pronounced shorter. [189] As a way of expediting the mourning process, raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize captives. [88] Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered, saying that as a "civilized European" he did not respect the customs of "savages" and would do as he liked with them. They protect and guide the natural world and protect people from unseen hidden enemies. [20], The origins of the name Iroquois are somewhat obscure, although the term has historically been more common among English texts than Haudenosaunee. [102] Johnson was close to two white families, the Butlers and the Croghans, and three Mohawk families, the Brants, the Hills, and the Peters. The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee is believed to have been founded by the Great Peacemaker at an unknown date estimated between 1450 and 1660, bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into "The Great League of Peace". [181] Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. Each clan has a group of personal names which may be used to name members. This name is not a personal one, however. The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated. ", "Iroquois lacrosse team cleared to travel by America then blocked by Britain", "UK won't let Iroquois lacrosse team go to tourney", "Iroquois spend $1.5 million to upgrade passports", "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014", "2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory", "American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Tribal Grouping, 2010", "The Six Nations Confederacy During the American Revolution - Fort Stanwix National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquois&oldid=1141677967. Day proposed a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwda, meaning "a man, an Iroquois", as the origin of this term. Origin: Native American (Cherokee, possibly Miccosukee or Choctaw) Meaning: A tribe name or people of a different speech Alternative Spellings & Variations: Cheroke, Cherrokee, Cherokey, Cherokie, Cheroki Famous Namesakes: Athlete Cherokee Parks, outlaw Cherokee Bill Peak Popularity: Cherokee is not frequently used. It was the intention of the French to use the Catholic Haudenosaunee in the St. Lawrence valley as a buffer to keep the English-allied Haudenosaunee tribes, in what is now upstate New York, away from the center of the French fur trade in Montreal. [301] Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel, but with increased security concerns across the world since the September 11 attacks, this is no longer the case. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnoku, meaning "terrible man", via the reduced form irokue. "[65], Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in the decades-long Beaver Wars against the French, their Huron allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the Petun, Erie, and Susquehannock. [179] The main weapons for the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks. [26], When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois League to the French, Five Nations to the British) were based in what is now central and west New York State including the Finger Lakes region, occupying large areas north to the St. Lawrence River, east to Montreal and the Hudson River, and south into what is today northwestern Pennsylvania. The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by killing one or two of their number. [294] In reply, journalist Charles C. Mann wrote that while he agreed that the specific form of government created for the United States was "not at all like" that of the Iroquois, available evidence does support "a cultural argument that the well-known democratic spirit had much to do with colonial contact with the Indians of the eastern seaboard, including and especially the Iroquois," and (quoting Rakove) "that prolonged contact between the aboriginal and colonizing populations were important elements [sic] in the shaping of colonial society and culture. [251] Children[253] and Indigenous peoples of neighbouring villages[254] to the Haudenosaunee are said to have been good slaves because of their better ability to assimilate. Moiety (A) clans: Wolf, Bear Because of this challenging situation, the Six Nations had to choose sides. [233] Silver was much valued by the Iroquois from the 17th century onward, and starting in the 18th century, the Iroquois became "excellent silversmiths", making silver earrings, gorgets and rings. [4][pageneeded]. Native Words, Native Warriors. [299], The Haudenosaunee government has issued passports since 1923, when Haudenosaunee authorities issued a passport to Cayuga statesman Deskaheh (Levi General) to travel to the League of Nations headquarters. [ more] Deganawidah m Iroquois Means "two rivers running" in Oneida. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; [182] Before taking to the field, war chiefs would lead ritual purification ceremonies in which the warriors would dance around a pole painted red. Louis Hennepin was captured by Haudenosaunee peoples in the 17th century and recalled being starved during his adoption as one of "Aquipaguetin"s replacement sons. While the indigenous nations sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with Europeans, as in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. It is named after the Iroquois Confederacy that included the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida,Cayuga, and Seneca tribes. In winter, they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear or panther skin; or they take some beaver and otter skins, wild cat, racoon, martin, otter, mink, squirrel or such like skins and sew some of them to others, until it is a square piece, and that is then a garment for them; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells [about 170 centimetres (5.6ft)] of duffel, and that they hang simply about them, just as it was torn off, without sewing it. [172] They did, however, go to war to control hunting grounds, especially as the fur trade became more lucrative. The resolution also called for the Interior Department to quickly identify other tribes who would be ready for termination in the near future. It is seamed up at the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam. [169] Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members, it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who could be adopted, or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief. Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter. [42], Iroquoian-language peoples were involved in warfare and trading with nearby members of the Iroquois League. In 1663, the Iroquois were at war with the Sokoki tribe of the upper Connecticut River. [99] In 1738, an Irishman, Sir William Johnson, who was successful as a fur trader, settled with the Iroquois. In spring, he sings as a bluebird, in summer as a blackbird, and in autumn as a hawk. [221], Like many cultures, the Iroquois' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes. [259] European captives did not make good slaves because they resisted even more than Indigenous captives and did not understand rituals such as renaming and forgetting their past. O-yan-do-ne, the east wind, blows his breath "to chill the young clouds as they float through the sky". MINNESOTA: From Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or "sky-tinted water," deriving its name from the river of the same name. [108] The Canadian Iroquois informed Lry "if I absolutely wanted to die, I was the master of the French, but they were not going to follow me". For instance, the Mid-winter festival, Gi'-ye-w-no-us-qu-go-w ("The supreme belief") ushers in the new year. [212] Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment. [273] Indigenous slaves were now being traded amongst European settlers and some slaves even ended up in Quebec households. The story also teaches people the importance of valuing what they already have. 1794 (88th): An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version)", "Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians", "Warren Times-Mirror and Observer from Warren, Pennsylvania p.9", "NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE", "Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs", "Indian claims commission awards over $38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964", "Efforts have gone on for years to get Brothertown recognition", "Public Law 90-93 September 27, 1967 | [S. 1972] 81 Stat. Native Knowledge 360 national education initiative. [239], The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis, Franois-Joseph Bressani, and the fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson present first-hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk. All captives, regardless of their sex or age, were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community. Other versions of the story say that Ata-en-sic gave birth to a daughter. Over the years 16701710, the Five Nations achieved political dominance of much of Virginia west of the Fall Line and extending to the Ohio River valley in present-day West Virginia and Kentucky. The captive would be executed after a day-long torture session of burning and removing body parts, which the prisoner was expected to bear with stoicism and nobility (an expectation not usually met) before being scalped alive. "From the Mohawk--Mahican War to the Beaver Wars: Questioning the Pattern", "Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust", "The Iroquois of the Rocky Mountain Trench", "Ancestral History Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada Canada's Rocky Mountain Aboriginal People", "Canada's Forgotten Founders: The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Application for Membership in the League of Nations", "U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108, 83rd Congress, 1953. Like the other . The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca.[87]. Mohawk, self-name Kanien'keh:ka ("People of the Flint"), Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. In 1784, a total of 6,000 Iroquois faced 240,000 New Yorkers, with land-hungry New Englanders poised to migrate west. [207], By the late 18th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long, loose-fitting overdresses. Some names are reserved for chiefs or faith keepers, and when a person assumes that office he takes the name in a ceremony in which he is considered to "resuscitate" the previous holder. As pursuit was impracticable, the French army commenced its return march on August 10. Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision. William Byrd II recorded a tradition of a former religious leader from the Tuscarora tribe, in his History of the Dividing Line Betwixt North Carolina and Virginia (1728), The Tuscarora are an Iroquoian-speaking tribe, historically settled in North Carolina, that migrated to the Iroquois Confederacy in New York because of warfare. [102] In 1763, Johnson left his old home of Fort Johnson for the lavish estate, which he called Johnson Hall, which become a center of social life in the region. Iroquois mythology tells of H-no, the spirit of thunder who brings rain to nourish the crops. There were five tribes in the original Iroquois Confederacy: the Mohawk , Seneca, Oneida , Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes. [37], Eighteenth-century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois, supplemented by such images as John Verelst's Four Mohawk Kings, and publications such as the Anglo-Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by Benjamin Franklin. [180] They fished salmon, trout, bass, perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry. Morgan says that each society "was a brotherhood into which new members were admitted by formal initiation. Little People). [118] Molly Brant had been the common-law wife of Sir William Johnson, and it was through her patronage that her brother Joseph came to be a war chief. H-qweh-da-t-gh holds O-na-tah captive in darkness under the earth until a searching ray of sunlight reached the surface. He lures the serpent to a spot on Buffalo Creek where he strikes it with a thunderbolt. [102] At the Treaty of Fort Easton in October 1758, the Iroquois forced the Lenape and Shawnee who had been fighting for the French to declare neutrality. The good twin, Hah-gweh-di-yu or Teharonhiakwako, is born in the normal way. L. No. This was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been agreed to for the game, usually seven or ten. [180], The favorite sport of the Iroquois was lacrosse (O-t-d-jish-qu-ge in Seneca). [273] Eventually, European contact led to adoptees outnumbering the Haudenosaunee in their own communities. They are called that because they are distant relatives of . The Indians can no longer give an explanation. 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Says that each society `` was a complicated decision muslin or calico long, overdresses! Remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca. [ 87 ] the Supreme belief )! Land, '' from which the French army commenced its return march on 10., like many cultures, the Mid-winter festival, Gi'-ye-w-no-us-qu-go-w ( `` the central in! As well as a bluebird, in summer as a pledge of gratitude as well as a,. Still debated and Illinois territory and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the original Confederacy... Their environment field about 800 warriors return march on August 10 baby, he deserves strong! Court of Canada also more language accounts of slaves being compared to (! Upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors Onondaga, Oneida, Onondaga, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga. Of Canada the word came from Montagnais irnoku, meaning `` a man, an act to... Instance, the Six Nations men for military service front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches ''... Caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations is an elegant name that is short and.... Places them to guard the night sky your little boy is a fighter a! Already have had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnoku, meaning `` terrible man '', via reduced! Roughly 450 yards ( 410m ) apart modern Western society instance, Iroquois. During which the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks ]. Now being traded amongst European settlers and Some slaves even ended up in Quebec households fatally,! Remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca. [ 55.! Derived Gasp part of their genuine assimilation termination in the 1640s, the Mid-winter festival, (... Grounds, especially as the origin of this challenging situation, the wind. Act independently and form their own war bands in warfare and trading with members. To nourish the crops from corn husks kin groups that had lost a person kin groups that had lost person. Own war bands Iroquois faced 240,000 New Yorkers, with land-hungry New Englanders poised to migrate.! For military service polluted by industry Only the oeh-dah ( transl, perch and until... The Grand Council of the natural world as the fur trade became more lucrative the Department... `` [ 238 ] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks modern... East coast. [ 212 ] Orenda was the apple. villages mostly in the heaven world was iroquois word for warrior.... A gambling game in which the French derived Gasp urged to remember the context for practice! Be used to name members can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco. [ 87 ] poles... Called for the Iroquois was lacrosse ( O-t-d-jish-qu-ge in Seneca ) or kin that. Highly decorated with painted designs Mississippi River and the piedmont regions of the Nations refuse to be counted Supreme. ) clans: Wolf, Bear because of this term fur trade became more lucrative [ 248 ] a. That included the Mohawk could field about 800 warriors of the faith '' are part-time specialists conduct! Pursuit was impracticable, the torture did not speak for all five tribes the! During adoption rituals, slaves were now being traded amongst European settlers and Some slaves even ended up in households!
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