boundary line between germany and poland

[citation needed], Nikita Khrushchev in his memoirs said: "I had only one desire – that Poland's borders were moved as far west as possible. Durand Line: Between Pakistan and Afghanistan, demarcated by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1896. The border started at the former German-Lithuania-Poland tripoint, which corresponds to the modern quadripoint between Warmian-Masurian voivodeship (D), Podlaskie voivodeship (P), Lithuania and Kaliningrad oblast exclave from Russia (D). t has a total length of 467 km (290 mi) and has been in place since 1945. [5][6][7][8] Some Polish historians called for the "return" of territories up to the river Elbe. [54] Under Soviet occupation and heavy pressure by Moscow, the official phrase Friedensgrenze (border of peace) was promulgated in March–April 1947 at the Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference. Suggestions of a border on the Bóbr (Bober) were also rejected by the Soviets. The Oder – Neisse line (German Oder-Neiße-Grenze, Polish Granica na Odrze i Nysie £u¿yckiej) is the current border between Germany and Poland. [13] In May 1942 General Władysław Sikorski, Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, sent two memoranda to the US government, sketching a postwar Polish western border along the Oder and Neisse (inconsistent about the Eastern Glatzer Neisse and the Western Lausitzer Neisse). 66 4. US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. The term was widely exploited by Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland. ", Treaty confirming the border between Germany and Poland (Warsaw, 14 November 1990), Churchill's statement to the House of Commons. Nach den Abschnitten VI und IX des als "Mitteilung über die Dreimächtekonferenz von Berlin" bezeichneten Protokolls vom 2. Pertti Ahonen, After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990, 2003. II p. 519. [39] The creation of a picture of the new territories as an "integral part of historical Poland" in the post-war era had the aim of forging Polish settlers and repatriates arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new Communist regime. As per this line Germany was forced to give up the territories of Poland as per post war treaty. a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features; boundary between West and East Germany. [64] Not all in Adenauer's government supported this; politicians like minister Seebohm criticized limiting German territorial demands to the borders of 1937, alluding to pre-Versailles borders,[65] as did the organisation of German expelled BdV. Alteration to the western border was seen as a punishment for the Germans for their atrocities and a compensation for Poland. Colonel Bronislaw Pieracki, Minister of the Interior assassinated by Ukrainian nationalists. The aftermath did. The Oder–Neisse line (German: Oder-Neiße-Grenze, Polish: granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is the basis of the international border between Germany and Poland.It runs mainly along the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers and meets the Baltic Sea in the north, just west of the ports of Szczecin and Świnoujście (Former German names: Stettin, Swinemünde). In the west, Poland should receive part of East Prussia, Danzig, the eastern tip of Pomerania and Upper Silesia. The President of the National Council of Poland and members of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity have been received at the Conference and have fully presented their views. This is a series of ongoing border disputes in Europe which tend to be lesser known by the general US public – the last article covered Hungary and Romania, this piece focuses Poland and Germany.The next article will feature Poland and Ukraine so stay tuned.. Winston Churchill compared the westward shift of Poland to soldiers taking two steps "left close" and declared in his memoirs: "If Poland trod on some German toes that could not be helped, but there must be a strong Poland. This is not just a line but a latitude 38 degree north of Equator passing between North and South Korea. Dodatek Specjalny IPN Nowe Państwo 1/2010. Earlier, Germany had amended its constitution and abolished Article 23 of West Germany's Basic Law (on which reunification was based), which could have been used to claim the former German eastern territories. Under the provisions of No. It was demarcated by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893. [76] Such was the extent of Polish fears about German revanchism that as late as February 1990 the Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki stated in a speech that Red Army might have to stay in Poland until Germany had promised to firmly recognize the Oder–Neisse line as the final frontier between Germany and Poland. "[37] The U.S. and the U.K. were also negative towards the idea of giving Poland an occupation zone in Germany. The 3500 Km long border is a part of 49th parallel between Lake of Woods and Strait of Georgia. One of the first proposals was made in the Russian Empire. Siegfried Line:Germany and France. During the First World War, the issue intensified due to German occupation policy in Russian Poland and ethnic Polish cross-border connections. Itwas drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe … Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, (London, 1962) p. 299, Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961. This line defines the boundary between Germany and Poland after. Hindenburg Line: Germany and Poland. The frontier between Poland and Germany has been fixed, marked and delimited on the spot by the Boundary Commission which met in pursuance of Article 87, paragraph 4, of the Treaty of Versailles, concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany on June 28, 1919. "[22] With respect to Poland's western frontiers, Stalin noted that the Polish Prime Minister in exile, Stanisław Mikołajczyk, had been pleased when Stalin had told him Poland would be granted Stettin/Szczecin and the German territories east of the Western Neisse. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oder–Neisse_line&oldid=994432136, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2014, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 18:12. There are 1.5 million Poles or ethnic Poles living in Germany, including both recent immigrants and the descendants of Poles that settled in Germany many generations ago. [42] The new line placed almost all of Silesia, more than half of Pomerania, the eastern portion of Brandenburg, a small area of Saxony, the former Free City of Danzig and the southern two-thirds of East Prussia (Masuria and Warmia) within Poland (see Former eastern territories of Germany). [51] German revisionism regarding the border began to cost West Germany sympathies among its western allies. 1938: Czech half of Cieszyn, was annexed by Poland in 1938 following the Munich Agreement and First Vienna Award. 1522–1524. The German-Polish Border Region. 3. [66], To Hans Peter Schwarz, Adenauer's refusal to accept the Oder–Neisse line was in large part motivated by domestic politics, especially his desire to win the votes of the domestic lobby of those Germans who had been expelled from areas east of the Oder–Neisse line. ★ Line of Control: ----- It divides Kashmir between India and Pakistan. It is only 472 km (293 miles) long, from one of the northernmost points of the Czech Republic to one of the southernmost points of the Baltic Sea at the Oder estuary. [citation needed], The eventual border was not the most far-reaching territorial change that was proposed. [Note 4][Note 5][Note 6][Note 7] On September 29, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union agree to divide control of occupied Poland roughly along the Bug River—the Germans taking everything west, [34] An Eastern Neisse boundary would have left Germany with roughly half of Silesia – including the majority of Wrocław (Breslau), the former provincial capital and the largest city in the region. [53], The East German Socialist Unity Party (SED), founded 1946, originally rejected the Oder–Neisse line. Oder–Neisse line: Europe: It is serving as the international border between Germany and Poland post world war II. In response to American and British statements that the Poles were claiming far too much German territory, Stanisław Mikołajczyk argued that "the western lands were needed as a reservoir to absorb the Polish population east of the Curzon Line, Poles who returned from the West, and Polish people who lived in the overcrowded central districts of Poland. B of the Potsdam Agreement: "In conformity with the agreement on Poland reached at the Crimea Conference the three heads of government have sought the opinion of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity in regard to the accession of territory in the north 'end west which Poland should receive. The offer was rejected by the West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Nach der Ziffer VI des Protokolls über die Beschlüsse der Potsdamer Konferenz haben Großbritannien und die Vereinigten Staaten lediglich in Aussicht gestellt, den "grundsätzlich" akzeptierten "Vorschlag der Sowjetregierung hinsichtlich der endgültigen Übergabe der Stadt Königsberg und des anliegenden Gebiets an die Sowjetunion" vorbehaltlich einer noch vorzunehmenden Festlegung des "genauen Grenzverlaufs" bei der "bevorstehenden Friedensregelung" zu "unterstützen". Oxford University Press, pp. (a) Hindenburg Line. [63][need quotation to verify] The American historian Gerhard Weinberg pointed out that in claiming the frontiers of 1937, West Germany was in fact claiming the frontiers established by the Treaty of Versailles, which the entire interwar German leadership had claimed to be totally unacceptable from 1919 to 1939, and which perhaps indicated that Versailles was nowhere near as harsh as claimed, especially when compared with the far greater territorial losses imposed by the Oder–Neisse line. [69] Ahonen wrote that Adenauer "saw his life's work in anchoring the Federal Republic irrevocably to the anti-Communist West and no burning interest in East European problems—or even German reunification. Siegfried Line - The boundary line is between France and Germany. "Die Gebiete östlich von Oder und Neiße sind ebenso wie das übrige Reichsgebiet in den Grenzen vom 31. Our Aim To Help Student In Test Preparation Online. [10][clarification needed], After Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Poland, some Polish politicians started to see a need to alter the border with Germany. This is a latitude 49 degrees north of Equator passing between USA and Canada which is taken as the border. [40] The final agreements in effect compensated Poland with 112,000 km2 (43,000 sq mi) of former German territory in exchange for 187,000 km2 (72,000 sq mi) of land lying east of the Curzon Line – Polish areas occupied by the Soviet Union. Read Rome2rio's guide to Blablacar How do I get to Frankfurt (FRA) Airport from Germany? "[32] Soviet forces had initially expelled Polish administrators who tried to seize control of Stettin in May and June, and the city was governed by a German communist-appointed mayor, under the surveillance of the Soviet occupiers, until 5 July 1945. However, the extent of the area to be ceded to Poland must be determined when the final settlement is agreed upon. Check out Blablacar's carpooling service for rideshare options between Germany and Poland. Ans Oder-Neisse Line. a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern; boundary drawn by outside powers (example, boundary between Mali and Mauritania, created by European imperialists in Africa) militarized boundary. The boundary between Germany and Poland is called what ? "Polacy – wysiedleni, wypędzeni i wyrugowani przez III Rzeszę", Maria Wardzyńska, Warsaw 2004. The only difference seems to be Bogusze (P), today in Warmia-… [3] From around the time of World War I, some proposed restoring this line, in the belief that it would provide protection against Germany. ", "Politiker und politische Gruppen verwiesen auf die Abmachungen der Potsdamer Konferenz von 1945, denen zufolge die endgültige Regelung der Oder-Neiße-Frage einem endgültigen Friedensvertrag für ganz Deutschland vorbehalten werden sollte.". This territory that was part of Poland between the World Wars, but is excluded from today’s Poland, is known as the Kresy. In 1970 West Germany signed treaties with the Soviet Union (Treaty of Moscow) and Poland (Treaty of Warsaw) recognizing Poland's Western border at the Oder–Neisse line as current reality, and not to be changed by force. US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. ", "In den Verhandlungen mit der polnischen Regierung mußte die Frage der Anerkennung der Oder-Neiße-Linie ausgeklammert warden, denn nach der Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts von 1975 bestanden das Deutsche Reich in seinen Grenzen von 1937 und die Viermächteverantwortung für ganz Deutschland solange fort, bis ein förmlicher Friedensvertrag geschlossen worden sei. 1 S. 17 f.). [70] Away from the public limelight in a conversation with the Canadian ambassador Charles Ritchie in June 1956, Brentano called the leaders of the expellee groups "unteachable nationalists" who had learned nothing from World War II, and who did not have the right to control the Federal Republic's policy towards Eastern Europe by vetoing policy changes they disliked. Several Polish Communist leaders appeared at the conference to advance arguments for an Oder–Western Neisse frontier. Of the almost 8,000 Russians who applied for asylum in Poland last year, 92 percent said they came from Chechnya, according to the Polish interior ministry. Trump signs massive funding bill, averts shutdown [17] British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden wrote in his diary that "A difficulty is that the Americans are terrified of the subject which [Roosevelt advisor] Harry [Hopkins] called 'political dynamite' for their elections. [27] It had a dominant German population and a small Polish minority that numbered 2,000 in the interwar period. [Note 2] Only with the changing situation during the war were these territorial proposals modified. These lines represent the boundary of the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) in 1848. [61] 16% of the electorate in 1950 were people who fled or were expelled after the war, forming a powerful political force . After the … These lines represent the boundary of the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) in 1826. 3 ausdrücklich den Friedensvertragsvorbehalt unter Bezugnahme auf die Potsdamer Konferenz (United Nations Treaty Series 10 II, Nr. Medicine Line : Canada and the United States. In addition to this, the Polish population originating from the eastern half of the former Second Polish Republic, now annexed by the Soviet Union, was mostly expelled and transferred to the newly acquired territories. Not culture, politics. Poland and Germany only officially settled their borders in 1990 (or perhaps 1970), a long time ago in the modern era, but a tiny moment in the long history of tension between the two groups. Before World War II, Poland's western border with Germany had been fixed under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. [31] Later the Russians admitted that at least "a million Germans" (still far lower than the true number) still remained in the area at that time. [33], James Byrnes – who had been appointed as U.S. Secretary of State earlier that month – later advised the Soviets that the U.S. was prepared to concede the area east of the Oder and the Eastern Neisse to Polish administration, and for it not to consider it part of the Soviet occupation zone, in return for a moderation of Soviet demands for reparations from the Western occupation zones. SBI Clerk Mains Free Mock Test. [61] Finally Adenauer's biographer, the German historian Hans Peter Schwarz has argued that Adenauer may have genuinely believed that Germany had the right to retake the land lost east of the Oder and Neisse rivers, despite all of the image problems this created for him in the United States and western Europe. 1, S. 7). Here We are Sharing Latest and Fresh MCQs Who Help Student in Every Test Preparation. German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty []. The three heads of government agree that, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier, the former German territories cast of a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinamunde, and thence along the Oder River to the confluence of the western Neisse River and along the Western Neisse to the Czechoslovak frontier, including that portion of East Prussia not placed under the administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in accordance with the understanding reached at this conference and including the area of the former free city of Danzig, shall be under the administration of the Polish State and for such purposes should not be considered as part of the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany. 5 points The boundary between Germany and Poland is called what ? The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive position of World War I, built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front, from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. [66] In 1962 a virulent anti-Polish organization called AKON was founded in West Germany which published maps with the borders of 1914. Durand Boundary Line. McMahon line was drawn by dividing Tibet into Outer and Inner parts. Poland - Poland - Land: Poland lies at the physical centre of the European continent, approximately between latitudes 49° and 55° N and longitudes 14° and 24° E. Irregularly circular in shape, it is bordered to the north by the Baltic Sea, to the northeast by Russia and Lithuania, and to the east by Belarus and Ukraine. [citation needed]. Radcliffe Line: It is a demarcation line between India and Pakistan. It was a defensive fortification built against the Soviet Union by Finland. The lower River Oder in Silesia was Piast Poland's western border from the 10th until the 13th century. Communist East Germany agreed to the border with Communist Poland in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, adhered to the border (with reservations) in 1970.[2]. Correct Answer: D. Poland and Germany Detailed About MCQs The Oder–Neisse line is the basis of the international border between Germany and Poland. Q. However, as the Protocol of the Potsdam Conference makes clear, the heads of government did not agree to support at the peace settlement the cession of this particular area. [citation needed], Winston Churchill was not present at the end of the Conference, since the results of the British elections had made it clear that he had been defeated. * Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Order and Neisse rivers, adopted at the Poland Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II. Maginot Line - The boundary line is between France and Germany. 1826. The Siegfried Line was a First World War line between Germany & France. The Anglo French attack also created serious losses to Germans on western Front. The line was drawn to follow some natural boundaries like rivers and lakes, and that's about it. Not only were the German territorial changes of the Nazis reversed, but the border was moved westward, deep into territory which had been in 1937 part of Germany with an almost exclusively German population. Because of this, Poland asked for revision of her northern and western frontiers. Join now. Later that day the Poles changed their mind: "Bierut, accompanied by Rola-Zymierski, returned to Stalin and argued against any compromise with the Americans. External Online Map : Poland 1815-1914, from Historical Atlas of Areas Afflicted by Ethnic Conflicts and Border Disputes External Online Map : Map of the Boundary between Silesia and Poland to illustrate the Treaty between Prussia and Russia 1835, from The Map … The port of Stettin was demanded for Eastern European exports. The recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as permanent was thus only reserved to a final peace settlement with reunited Germany. The confederation boundary extends beyond "core Germany… Right from the beginning of his Chancellorship in 1949, Adenauer refused to accept the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern frontier, and made it quite clear that if Germany ever reunified, the Federal Republic would lay claim to all of the land that had belonged to Germany as at 1 January 1937. And not even German politics. It also divides Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit–Baltistan in two different parts, one which comes in Pakistan and the other goes to Afganistan. [70] Brentano's remark caused such an uproar with the expellee leaders arguing that he should resign, that Adenauer was forced to disallow his foreign minister, and Brentano only kept his job by claiming that he was misquoted by the British press. What is the international boundary between India and Pakistan called? [72] Gomułka was a Communist, but also a Polish nationalist, and it was believed possible in Washington that a split could be encouraged between Moscow and Warsaw if only Bonn would recognize the Oder–Neisse line. [82][83] The East German economy was threatened by overconsumption of Polish tourists, who came to East Germany to buy cheaper products that the socialist economy could not provide in abundance on either side of the border; and the Poles also became politically dangerous for the GDR government by the time of the 1980 Solidarity strikes. [4] In October 1941 the exile newspaper Dziennik Polski postulated a postwar Polish western border that would include East Prussia, Silesia up to the Lausitzer Neisse and at least both banks of the Oder's mouth. Join now. The confederation boundary extends beyond "core Germany… Figure 8: Map of the Second Polish Republic showing borders from 1921-1939. [citation needed], One reason for this version of the new border was that it was the shortest possible border between Poland and Germany. is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. "[25] He added that many Britons would be shocked if such large numbers of Germans were driven out of these areas, to which Stalin responded that "many Germans" had "already fled before the Red Army. A great option if you don't have a driver's licence or want to avoid public transport. The Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans parted to this line in 1917 during World War I Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. 38th Parallel: North Korea and South Korea. [48] The purpose of the speech and associated US diplomatic activities was as propaganda aimed at Germany by Western Powers, who could blame Polish-German border and German expulsions on Moscow alone. That line was intended to divide Germany into pieces according to a division of power the three had agreed upon. US Dept. ★ Hindenberg Line: ----- The line to which the Germans retreated in 1917 during the First World War, defines the boundary between Germany and Poland. The German Democratic Republic, in the Zgorzelec Agreement entered into with Poland on July 6, 1950, recognized the Oder-Neisse Line as the inviolable frontier between Poland and Germany. 1924: Further territorial changes between Czechoslovakia and Poland. [citation needed], Between the wars, the concept of "Western thought" (myśl zachodnia) became popular among some Polish nationalists. 17th Parallel: North Vietnam and South Vietnam. [citation needed], The German-Polish Border Treaty, signed 14 November 1990, finalizing the Oder–Neisse line as the Polish-German border[80] came into force on 16 January 1992, together with a second one, a Treaty of Good Neighbourship, signed in June 1991, in which the two countries, among other things, recognized basic political and cultural rights for both the German and the Polish minorities living on either side of the border. Stalin told his Polish protégés that he would defend their position at the conference. Dezember 1937 von den Siegermächten bei Kriegsende nicht annektiert worden. Q. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) signed a treaty with Poland at Zgorzelec (German: Görlitz) on July 6, 1950, that recognized the Oder-Neisse Line as its permanent eastern boundary. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification built by France along its border with Germany before World War II, to protect its boundary from German attack. "[19], The British government formed a clear position on the issue and at the first meeting of the European Advisory Commission on 14 January 1944, recommended "that East Prussia and Danzig, and possibly other areas, will ultimately be given to Poland" as well as agreeing on a Polish "frontier on the Oder".[17][20]. [74] Gomułka told the 8th Plenum on 19 October 1956 that: "Poland needs friendship with the Soviet Union more than the Soviet Union needs friendship with Poland...Without the Soviet Union we cannot maintain our borders with the West". ... post-WWI Germany and Poland. This line separated not only the mainland Pakistan at western frontier but also the East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) from India. East Germany confirmed the border with Poland in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, finally accepted the border (with reservations) in 1970. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I. Mason-dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United States. US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. Mannerheim Line - It is between Russia and Finland. II pp. US Dept. [citation needed], The West German definition of the "de jure" borders of Germany was based on the determinations of the Potsdam Agreement, which placed the German territories (as of 31 December 1937) east of the Oder–Neisse line "under the administration of the Polish State" while "the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the peace settlement". This line came to effect on 17 Aug 1947 as a result of separation of Pakistan with India. 1934: January 26: Poland signs Ten Year Pact of Non-aggression with Germany. In addition, the new boundary line resulted in the division of the German cities Küstrin, Frankfurt an der Oder, Guben and Görlitz, whose eastern parts became new Polish municipalities. 1939: Poland ceases to exist once again after being partitioned between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia at the outbreak of World War Two. Hindenberg Line: The line to which the Germans retreated in 1917 during the First World War, defines the boundary between Germany and Poland. During the war, Nazi Germany committed genocide against Poland's population, especially Jews, whom they classified as Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). This is not just an imaginary line like other lines but a boundary build up of solid concrete fortifications. any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland. [61] Adenauer's rejection of the border adjustments resulting from the Potsdam agreement was viewed critically by some in Poland. Marginal Line was the 320-km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Stettin was the traditional seaport of Berlin. US Dept of State, Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. [23] Yalta was the first time that the Soviets openly declared support for a German-Polish frontier on the Western as opposed to the Eastern Neisse. [81], Millions visited the neighbouring country (either Poland or East Germany) during the years 1971–1980. The Soviets and the Poles suffered greatly at the hands of Hitler's invading armies. [4] After World War II the Polish Communists, lacking their own expertise regarding the Western border[clarification needed], adopted the National Democratic concept of western thought. Not all of them were repatriated: some were imprisoned or deported to work camps in Siberia or Kazakhstan. Geography. 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